In the realm of astigmatism correction, wavefront-optimized (WFO) and topography-guided (TCAT) treatments offer distinct approaches to enhancing visual outcomes. This article contrasts these two techniques with an emphasis on their application in patients with normal corneas and astigmatism. Simply put, the goal of treating any refractive error or higher-order aberrations (HOAs) is to improve the patient’s quality and quantity of vision without inducing other issues that interfere with the optical system.
TWO BASIC ABLATION PROFILES
Overview. Two basic corneal refractive ablation profiles have been widely adopted and compared: wavefront-optimized (WFO) treatment and topography-guided treatment (TCAT).1 The WaveLight excimer laser platform (Alcon) was originally approved for WFO treatments and later approved for TCAT with the Vario diagnostic device (Alcon).2-6 Some surgeons prefer the ease of WFO treatment to newer options.
The Phorcides Analytic Engine (Phorcides) can improve TCAT outcomes with the Contoura Vision System (Alcon) by using topographic information to determine how best to treat sphere and cylinder. The InnovEyes Sightmap diagnostic device available with Wavelight plus (Alcon; not yet available in the United States) improves overall outcomes by using biometry, tomography, and wavefront aberrometry measurements to guide the WFO treatment of myopia and myopic astigmatism.7-9
Research results. In a prospective FDA study of normal eyes undergoing Contoura TCAT based on the manifest refraction, 92.6%, 63.8%, 34.4%, and 15.7% achieved an uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA) of 20/20 or better, 20/16 or better, 20/12.5 or better, and 20/10 or better, respectively, at 12 months. Additionally, 30.9% of eyes gained 1 or more lines of UDVA compared with their preoperative corrected distance visual acuity.
A small study of 86 eyes by Kim et al found that more patients who underwent WFO treatment versus TCAT achieved 20/16 UDVA or better, but the difference was not statistically significant.10 TCAT also induced fewer total corneal HOAs (P = .13) and less coma (P = .003).
Several retrospective studies have compared the results of TCAT with the Contoura Vision System based on the manifest refraction versus guidance from the Phorcides software. The two treatment profiles were shown to be equivalent for 20/20 UCVA, but more patients in the Phorcides group achieved 20/15 and 20/10 UCVA.7,8 Several other studies in which a manifest refraction–based nomogram was used also showed that TCAT with Contoura was highly effective.11-13
CHOOSING AN APPROACH
Both WFO treatment and TCAT can achieve excellent visual outcomes, especially at the 20/20 level. TCAT with Contoura has the potential to provide better visual outcomes and has been used successfully on a wide range of patients. There are two situations, however, in which WFO treatment is clearly preferable. The first is when high-quality topographic images cannot be obtained, making it difficult to define anterior corneal elevations. The second is when the clinical refraction is outside the FDA-approved parameters for the Contoura Vision System (eg, hyperopia, myopia > -8.00 D, cylinder > 3.00 D, manifest refraction spherical equivalent > -9.00 D).
At the 2023 ESCRS congress, Bala reported the best refractive and astigmatic LASIK treatment results to date with Wavelight plus.9 In the clinical trial, 100%, 89%, and 50% of myopic eyes with and without astigmatism achieved a UDVA of 20/20, 20/16, and 20/12.5 or better, respectively. Quality of vision did not decrease, and no clinically significant increase in total HOAs was observed.
CONCLUSION
WFO treatment and TCAT are effective at the 20/20 level. TCAT with the Contoura Vision System using the Phorcides Analytic Engine provides better visual outcomes overall, but there are situations in which WFO treatment is preferable.
1. Mathew J, Stonecipher K. White paper on wavefront optimized versus topography guided corneal ablations with the Wavelight platform: a summary of visual outcomes. Alcon. 2020. https://us.alconscience.com/sites/g/files/rbvwei1736/files/pdf/Wavefront-Optomized-Versus-Topography-Guided-Corneal-Ablations-With-WaveLight-Platform_A-Summary-Of-Visual-Outcomes-US-ALL-2000003.pdf
2. Stonecipher KG, Kezirian GK. Wavefront-optimized versus wavefront-guided LASIK for myopic astigmatism with the Allegretto Wave: three-month results of a prospective FDA trial. J Refract Surg. 2008;24(4):S424-S430.
3. Kezirian GM, Moore CR, Stonecipher KG; SurgiVision Consultants Inc WaveLight Investigator Group. Four-year postoperative results of the US Allegretto Wave clinical trial for the treatment of hyperopia. J Refract Surg. 2008;24(4):S431-S438.
4. Stonecipher KG, Kezirian GM, Stonecipher M. LASIK for -6.00 to -12.00 D of myopia with up to 3.00 D of cylinder using the Allegretto Wave: 3- and 6-month results with the 200- and 400-Hz platforms. J Refract Surg. 2010;26(10):S814-818.
5. Stonecipher KG, Kezirian GM, Stonecipher K. LASIK for mixed astigmatism using the Allegretto Wave: 3- and 6-month results with the 200- and 400-Hz platforms. J Refract Surg. 2010;26(10):S819-823.
6. Stulting RD, Fant BS; T-CAT Study Group; et al. Results of topography-guided laser in situ keratomileusis custom ablation treatment with a refractive excimer laser. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2016;42(1):11-18.
7. Stonecipher K, Tooma T, Lobanoff M, Wexler S. Outcomes of planning topography-guided LASIK with new analytic software vs. planning with manifest refraction in eyes with T-CAT parameters. Virtual ASCRS Presentation; 2020; Boston, MA.
8. Lobanoff M, Stonecipher K, Tooma T, Wexler S, Potvin R. Clinical outcomes after topography-guided LASIK: comparing results based on a new topography analysis algorithm to those based on the manifest refraction. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2020;46(6):814-819.
9. He C, Bala C. Ray-tracing-guided myopic LASIK: real-world clinical outcomes. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2023;49(11):1140-1146.
10. Kim J, Choi SH, Lim DH, Yang CM, Yoon GJ, Chung TY. Topography-guided versus wavefront-optimized laser in situ keratomileusis for myopia: surgical outcomes. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2019;45(7):959-965.
11. Wallerstein A, Gauvin M, Qi SR, Bashour M, Cohen M. Primary topography-guided LASIK: treating manifest refractive astigmatism versus topography-measured anterior corneal astigmatism. J Refract Surg. 2019;35(1):15-23.
12. Wallerstein A, Gauvin M, Cohen M. WaveLight® Contoura topography-guided planning: contribution of anterior corneal higher-order aberrations and posterior corneal astigmatism to manifest refractive astigmatism. Clin Ophthalmol. 2018;12:1423-1426.
13. Wallerstein A, Caron-Cantin M, Gauvin M, Adiguzel E, Cohen M. Primary topography-guided LASIK: refractive, visual, and subjective quality of vision outcomes for astigmatism ≥2.00 diopters. J Refract Surg. 2019;35(2):78-86.
